17 thoughts on “Week 12 – Inequality Between Countries Immigration, Gender and Race”

1. Question #1:
   I’d like to share a few comments I’ve had on the Powerpoint. I really appreciated how all of the graphs and statistics of Latin America made it more clear on just how unequal the services here are. The reading reinforced this idea that Latin America is one of the biggest countries that has a lot of inequality, and by seeing this side by side comparison of which areas within the country are living in extreme poverty, it supports the brutal conditions that one lives in. I understand this is the case because of how most of the rich, automatically receive a high portion of wealth, thus skewing the distribution and making it more unfair for the other classes. The “Always let HIM eat first” figure also reminded me of Parreñas reading as it proves that women are being exploited for double duty (housework + domestic service), and that’s precisely due to the existence of gender inequalities. Where Men are usually doing one job, women have a higher responsibility which in turn causes them to look for work elsewhere that provides better opportunity. This can be, however, a tradeoff because while Filipina women for instance would earn higher wages in the Americas, they aren’t able to see their own family yet take care of a whole other one as she tries to improve her and her own family’s life. As far as it goes in terms of any confusions I’ve had, I thought the information was explicit in capturing what both texts for this week were about.

   Question #2:
   The main takeaways are with how unequal Latin America is as the levels of inequality are extreme. While there are many other countries who suffer these severe inequalities, Latin America has a very harsh distributive system where the top 5% are earning twice than their OECD counterparts and the poor are receiving half of what they would’ve earned (Hoffman & Centeno, 365). If this wasn’t bad enough, the amount of violence that erupts between the police and civilians is shocking. Due to this enforced violence, there are many deaths caused in the population of the working class. There are also problems within health care. While the wealthy have access to health care plans and running water, among many other resources… only a significantly low percentage of the poor have this too (Hoffman & Centeno, 368). However, most of the low income class often have to resort towards other options like private care. The rich also have access to private land, which in turn meant that there were thousands of households who were either landless, and resided in the countryside. Education between the two classes, also constitutes how the wealthy keep this position as they will always have the money to provide their children and their children’s children, a private and rich schooling environment (Hoffman & Centeno, 371). The comparison of other countries was also interesting as they (similar to Latin America) had high levels of inequality and poverty, where the Gini Coefficients rose dramatically. Thus, showing the factors of inequality that shape how “rigged” the system is in creating this gap of incomes leading to an increase in inequality.

   Question #3:
   The takeaways from Parreñas reading and the videos, were on the migration of Filipina women and how most of them establish the majority of being domestic workers. Since low-wage labour is high in demand, it’s usually women who fill in these jobs. Because women of color hold less power than white women, it’s them who work for these white individuals. This in turn makes these Filipina domestic workers look in the Philippines for poorer women to take over for them in labouring at their own households (Parreñas, 561). Parreñas goes on to conduct her study in both Rome and Los Angeles, and works alongside observing female Filippino domestic workers in their rawest nature. She notes who is single or how many have children, and use’s their educational background experience in hypothesizing their entering of high or low labour jobs. Parreñas also includes accounts of women who take part in this international transfer of caretaking exchange, and I find it interesting how Filipina women act as domestic workers in America, but know that because men don’t contribute to housework or taking care of the children, they need to find a maid to replace them. This shows that women who have the opportunity to work and live in better conditions, are then getting more benefits than those back home who suffer gender inequality even moreso, and don’t share the privilege to migrate. Therefore, it’s with domestic workers in the United States and other westernized areas of the world, that produce higher wages but are separated from family, yet they can live comfortably once returning to the Philippines to their family and being able to afford their own (very cheap) worker as a result.

   Question #4:
   Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?This video on gender equality relates to the other malign factors that we’ve studied so far, in that it helps to reduce inequality with gender roles. The video made me smile when I learned about the many women (64%) that made up the government roles and how with this representation, this helps to lower inequality as women and men are being placed in the same pedestal. Parliament also enforced laws that in any such case of a divorce, both men and women were to be treated equally and this shares common characteristics to malign factors (wars), because they drive inequality down. While wars reduce inequality from being sourced by the rich, gender equality means that the pay gap and rights held by both male and female are similar or the same. In Rwanda, by having both genders work alongside one another, no one gender is securing higher profits or being recognized for their efforts more. There are many other countries, like Latin America where gender inequality is unbalanced causing there to be increases in inequality. Furthermore, malign factors are more concerned with events which bring inequality down, and an event in this case are Rwanda women and men making large decisions in Parliament. Both groups holding that power is certainly what brings a much fairer playing field.

   Question #5:
   After watching the chain of love videos, I found specific parts to be the most intriguing. For instance, filipino domestic workers were very desired to be the race under which childcare takes place, because they’re more “god fearing”. Since they are less likely to steal and are educated, this makes them more valuable and more attractive in terms of being selected to take care of children and family. I found it amusing that they were referred to, like one of the speakers explained as the, “Mercedes benz of the domestics” which again places emphasis on how valued they are because of the skills and other elements they possess. This also shows that filipino women working in a household is not only common, but because it’s widespread, there are many other women in the Philippines who still hold a poor gender role simply because they can’t afford to migrate. Other comments I’ve had was on how I really enjoyed the readings and the videos helped in aiding my visual understanding of the text.

   Reply ↓

   • Hi IIora,
     In Latin America, the reading highlighted how the significant role race plays in structuring national policies. The laws that are encoded are influence by racial categories that favor the economic and social interest of whites or people or higher skin color. These state policies that are implemented creates a borderline that segregates the population and marginalized blacks by limiting their access to resources and opportunities for upward mobility. The construction of race in Latin America was created to structure racial hierarchy to gain control and power among the different populations. A person’s racial identity can shapes their advantages in society in terms of power and access to economic resources.

     Reply ↓

2. 1. From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share?

   The PowerPoint is very clear and understanding. It is interesting to know that one of the most distinguished characteristics of Latin America is the value of its resources which is a small percentage of the pyramid, and that the top decile holds a higher half of the national income. The top 1% also maintained a very high percentage of the wealth. Moreover, race and gender have a major influence on determining positions and the experience woman faces in the labor market. Woman of a poor class and lower educational attainment are more likely to face many obstacles in holding a high paying job and are more likely to be employed as domestic or factory workers. Even in today’s society, minorities woman encounters increase inequality in the workplace and are more likely to experience inequality than their white female counterpart. Also, there is a huge gap in the difference hierarchy authority power in the workforce between women and men. Women are still struggling with securing a managerial or high position in the workplace.

   2. From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways?

   The main takeaway from the reading is that race plays a significant role in national policies due to the structuring of status by racial categories which resulted in the invention of state policies, which has an influence on one’s life outcomes and upward mobility. Being black and poor is like a crime because you experience a more brutal form of conquest and slavery. This comes to shows that a person’s racial identity is the key to an open door of opportunities and privilege in society or a country. Also, due to the racial ambiguities in Brazil, it was more difficult to encode any form of legal policies of affirmation actions. Blacks were segregated in Brazil and were marginalized. The distribution of income and employment were in favor of whites and people of a lighter skin color.

   3. From Parreñas’s (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways?

   The main takeaway from Parreñas’s is that in the global economy international transfer of labor creates different reproductive labor among women based on race, class, and nations. Based on those factors it can determine the hierarchy of womanhood. For example, the Filipina domestic workers who are migrant or immigrant workers are mostly hired by higher privileged Filipina workers to perform the care that the privilege worker are responsible for by which their labor is transfer to the less privileged Filipina which result in transnational capitalism which results in gender inequalities because these migrant workers are pay less due to their level of skilled or educational attainment.

   4. Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?
   The government of Rwanda creates a program that empowers woman and gives them the opportunities for upward mobility in the workforce and in leadership positions such as political position by securing seats in parliament. This relates to other malign factors and inequality reductions that we’ve studied in class because the strategies of women empowerment by the Rwandan government affect the level of gender inequality in Rwanda by decreasing gender inequalities. This was because many men were killed so woman became 70% of the population so woman became involved in national development. In class, we identify malign factors that have an impact on reducing inequality such as war and diseases. For example, the black epidemic that kills millions of people which affected inequality because the number of workers in the labor market decreasing which causes a high demand for a worker in the working force.

   5. Any general thoughts, comments, or questions you would like to share?

   After watching the videos of Parreñas I can relate to it because when I first migrated to the United States my first work was as a babysitter for a family that is from my country. I was chosen for the job because I was affordable for the family budget and I was in need of the job so any amount the family gave me I accept. In addition, I find the reading from Hoffman and Centeno interesting because it shows how race plays a vital role in determining the distribution of income and opportunities a person has access to which is associates with their hierarchy status.

   Reply ↓

3. 1. From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share?

   I believe the PowerPoint presentation was clear. I have to comment about how interesting the social makeup and division of social classes in Latin America is. Given that we usually think of socioeconomic classes as a simple poor, middle, and rich, it is interesting to see the complexities of socioeconomic classes in Latin America. I think that it is also interesting that some of the complexities can be attributed to Latin America’s geographic make-up. In North America, there are three main countries that large in size and cultural/economic values are relatively uniform. In Latin America, however, there are varying cultural and economic values. Therefore, more dynamic and complex measurements of inequality are required.

   2. From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways?

   The main takeaways from Hoffman and Centeno’s “The Lopsided Continent: Inequality in Latin America” include the fact that inequality is largely rooted in demographics, such as gender and race. Prior to 1929, women in Latin America were largely disenfranchised and not seen as equals. Their inability to advance through society was contested and improved in a developmental period that expanded from the 1930s to 1960s. Racial tensions and prohibitions were also a significant influence on inequality in Latin America. Based on patterns of conquest and slavery, there are at least three different ethnic conditions, each with varying degrees of social mobility. Another staple of this reading is the way that rich Latin America class members maintain their advantages, which is through “thuggish violence”. Unlike other regions, the abuse of power is not hidden behind institutionalized policies and protocols. Instead, assassination, threats, and other forms of violence are maintained as a tactic to ensure the continued division of classes and inequality.

   3. From Parreñas (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways?

   The main takeaways from the reading and the videos of the film are that there is a “Care Chain of Love”. This is to say that because post-industrial countries have women who work in jobs that require fulltime work away from the home, the care of their children is therefore past onto domestic workers, from foreign countries. The film also talks about how stereotypical traits have been attributed to Filipinos, such as being religious, trustworthy, and educated. It is also worth noting that this select group of women were paid more for their domestic labor than other groups of women, and this was perpetuated by the aforementioned stereotypes.

   4. Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?

   The video on gender inequality demonstrates the rapid change in demographics that resulted in a leveling of inequality by gender. The main agent of change in Rwanda was the genocide of 1994, that resulted in over one million Tutsi deaths, with a huge majority being male. As a result, women were relinquished from their gender roles and tasks and were free from confinement to their household chores. As a result, their education and opportunities were greatly expanded. Now, Rwanda has most females in Parliament in the world. The genocide, like other factors such as war and disease, resulted in a profound leveling of inequality in the region.

   5. Any general thoughts, comments or questions you would like to share?

   The general comment I would like to share is that culture plays an essential role in the landscape of inequality. In all of this week’s readings and films, culture is the unifying factor that impacts inequality. Gender, race, and other values of culture have strongly influenced the way a region responds to and maintains inequality. While some regions embrace violence, others embrace positive change that effects opportunities for growth, change, and other measures of social mobility and inequality.

   Reply ↓

4. 1. From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share?
   I really liked the slide on the macrostructural forces that explain what kind of factors can affect an individual’s social status and earnings. The issue with income inequality is complicated because all these factors such as how someone is raised and what they were exposed to are also interacting with other forces of inequality. There is a difference in the amount of access to resources that the poor will have and it will be rooted in institutional racism which is hard to overcome. I also think gender is a difficult construct to overcome in Latin American countries as well because it is so deep-rooted in their culture. I see it within my own household. I also liked the last slide with the graph of the “Percentiles of World Income Distribution” because it shows how poor countries are better off being poor in the US where they can at least be among the 45% of the world’s richest.

   2. From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways?

   The paper focuses on Latin American countries and their levels of stratification and inequality. The countries were divided based on which countries focused more on the social groups of race, gender, and class. Poverty and inequality in Latin American countries make the country even poorer with its unequal distribution. The article states that the poverty level could be reduced by fixing the distribution of wealth within the country as opposed to growth. After 1970, the Gini coefficients increased for nearly every Latin American country as the income of the poor decreased, and the income of the rich increased. This increase in poverty has caused there to be more violence within the countries as well as a lack of healthcare. There are disparities within the amount of land owned for agricultural labor, education, and taxes. Globalization also worsened poverty after the countries started to care more about capital than labor. Women tend to be poorer than men and often struggle if they are head of household. There is also a division on race where those who are labeled white are able to have a higher social status compared to those who are labeled black.

   3. From Parreñas (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways?

   Filipinas who migrate from the Philippines most often take on domestic work. Reproductive labor has been categorized as work mostly occupied by women. Gender roles have an effect on what kinds of jobs are occupied by each gender. Domestic work is usually low paid. When the migrant women are hired for reproductive labor, they are also placed in a hierarchy based on race and class. Globalization allowed women from Third world countries to hold manufacturing jobs instead of domestic work. The manufacturing production would have poor regulation to try to maintain the lowest cost possible in means of production. The men and women who migrate from the Philippines for work will go to countries where there is a high demand for workers of their gender. The Filipino women would be migrating from a place of gender stratification and then having to experience the same struggles in the US and Italy. Women in the US and Italy were starting to work and were too exhausted for household work which is why they hired Filipina women for low-paid domestic work. The domestic workers are not able to take care of their own families so it is often the duty of their eldest daughter to take on that role. The way that Filipina women would cope with the difficulty of low paid domestic work was by giving the love they wish they could provide to their own children onto the children, grandchildren, or grandparents they would be looking after at work.

   4. Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?

   The genocide in Rwanda resulted in there being more women than men within the population. The drive for equality between men and women is to decrease the chance of another genocide from gender inequality. The parliament of Rwanda has the largest number of female lawmakers in the world. There were policies put in place for equal rights between women and men for education, career, opportunities, and services. They allow everyone to have a fair chance for success since women are held to the same standards as men. The property between two people in a marriage will be shared equally between both partners if they get a divorce. This video on Rwanda differs from the other countries where the male is seen as superior. Males will earn more than women and be more likely to have a job of higher status than women. Rwanda shows how having equal rights between men and women would not limit the success of another gender, both can have equal rates of success.

   5. Any general thoughts, comments or questions you would like to share?

   I liked learning about how gender will play a role in inequality around the world. I would think that a country that is seen as a superpower such as the US would be progressive to allow equal opportunities between genders. It was sad learning about how Filipina women had to cope with being degraded as a person with low paid domestic work when they are qualified to do much more. I also thought it was awful how they would be so busy working hard to provide for their family that they cannot be there for them. On a lighter note, it was nice learning about Rwanda and how they support gender equality within their own government. I had no idea there was a country that believed men and women should have equal opportunities in everything they do.

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5. 1.The presentation was clear. Thank you for the lectures, they always help me and reinforce my understanding of the readings.

   2.The article discuses that Latin America has the most unbalanced distribution amongst all regions in the world. The reading explains the reasons for why the situation. Narrowing it down to nations positions within a global economic system, internal colonialism with maintenance of racial categories, and the underdevelopment of state structures. The important question that arises in the reading is a fundamental question of who gets what, and why? The reading focuses on Latin America because goods, services, and basic opportunities are all equally unbalanced. Civil, political, and social reasons influence why Latin America is equally unbalanced. The studies divided nations for the gain of different data. Explaining that for “gender” reasons; Mexico, Argentina, and Cuba were studied. For data on race, Brazil, Cuba, the Andes, and Guatemala were studied. For the study of how class influenced the unbalance, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Chile were studied.
   The article explains that Latin American countries are relatively poor societies to begin with, and on top of being relatively poor, the percentages of the poor, the darker and the females receive a smaller percentage of the distribution. This fact is important because these societies already start with poor and unequal distributions. Data shows that more than half of the population in various countries live on less than $2 per day. More than 200 million are living in poverty. We see charts that showcase different nations and their Gini’s. The Gini’s range from low 31 to high 60s. Nicaragua had a high Gini of 60.3. The article stresses the fact that inequality would improve by changes in distribution, rather than growth. Which was interesting to read. It emphasizes that structure is needed, and they can make a substantial change. We read about the violence of everyday. And how police response has been correlated with income in poor societies. (Even in the US, in “hoods” where minority groups reside.) Meaning that inequality within Latin America has had serious implications for health and welfare for individuals. The article discusses the misdistribution of basic needs like water that vary within the same nation. The rich tend to have access to more natural goods, and services than the poor. Leading to an unbalanced standard of living. It is why people rather risk their lives and migrate to other nations, for a chance to gain access to services and goods, that they cannot have in their motherland. Education is also an important factor for income inequality. The article points out the importance of regressive policies, and how they have contributed to the distribution crises in Latin America. The article discusses significant change for women. Three periods where the role for women were influenced for the better, the first was obtaining full citizenship rights, and gaining political power, meaning having the right to vote, (women suffrage). The second period has focused on the expansion of civil rights of property and the right to full employment and the feminist movement concerned with full equality within political, social, and civil levels.
   Question- The reading informs us about Argentina and Venezuela, and how they faced catastrophic declines in employment and increases in poverty while being hurt and devastated with an unequal distribution in income, and how the situation was becoming worse, was this predicting what occurred in Venezuela, where they were literally starving, and causing a revolution within their nation?

   (Reading #2- Rhacel Salazar Parrenas)
   3. The article discusses the politics of labor in globalization. The study focuses on migrant women, Filipina domestic workers. These women are classified in three groups. Middle class women in receiving nations, migrant domestic workers, and finally Third World women who are too poor to migrate. The article focuses on the division of labor. The division of labor amongst women is an important study because the results show a demand for low wage service workers in a postindustrial nation. The article discusses the jobs they are talking about and explains to the reader that white class privileged women have freed themselves from that specific labor by purchasing the low and cheap labor from women of color. In NYC we see all the nannies who are hired, and a large percentage of the women belong to minority groups. Doing such a thing, the article explains that it leads to a “racial division of reproductive labor”. The article explains the structural relationship between reproductive labor and feminization of the migrant labor force. The article explains that migrant Filipino women make up more than 70% in Asian and European cities. Feminist scholars of migration claim that gender organizes, shapes and distinguishes the patterns of migration.
   A collective of 46 female domestic workers in Rome, and 26 in Los Angeles, were interviewed for the study of the paper. The cities were chosen because they have the highest rates of Filipino migrants. Filipinos have the largest migrant groups in both the US and Italy. The way these women get payed are different, women in the us get paid weekly, and those in Italy get paid monthly. The article explains that that the interviews helped understand the reproduction activities in one area have concrete ties to reproduction activities in another area. The feminization in the work force has a direct link to gender inequality because of wage labor, and global capitalism.
   Reading the responses of the women, were interesting to me because, we see what the author means about the three-tier division amongst women. The one woman whose name is Maya Areza made me laugh about hiring a woman to get her cigarettes for her, made me laugh. Those are life goals, I guess. Ha I understand the bigger picture, it represents the unequal relationships with less privileged women. Carmen stole my heart with her story, I feel for these women, I understand that the transition within reproductive labor is not easy for many, but due to inequality of wages, at times it feels necessary. My mother would share stories with my older sisters, and myself about how she went through similar things like Carmen. They start to feel like someone else and at times belittled. Another thing the women talk about is the state of loneliness. They miss their love ones, children, husbands and individuals they leave behind. The article explains that by doing so, it makes these women feel guilty about “pouring love” to those they are caring for while they are working.
   “Chain of love”
   The main takeaway of the video is the discussion of the migrant labor force made up of Filipino women. The video talks about the stigmas and stereotypes that influence why Filipino women are the preferred demographic for the domestic work. The video introduces us to statistical data; informing us that 2/3 of the work force are made up of women. The chain of love represents the chain that links women from different ethnic backgrounds. The transmission of care and responsibilities from a privileged individual to a lesser privileged individual is the link that connects all these different groups of women. Filipino workers are not only hired because the labor is cheap, but because of stereotypes that make individuals believe they are the best option to care after the domestic work. They are believed to be religious, because of Catholicism. They are believed to be clean, educated, and obedient and trustworthy. The reason for the dominance in the labor force is due to a cheap solution for privileged women. The video exposes the viewer to the reality of the situation that is happening because of globalization.

   4. The Rwanda video explained what has been politically occurring with women in their nation. The video shows the regions representatives explaining the political stance women have been taking within their society. Explaining that Rwanda’s parliament is dominated by women and has the highest number of female law makers. The video explains the institutions placed by their president and government that has helped women gain so much political power. The women in the region have been empowered and given an equal opportunity to show their real and true value. Policies focus on gender equality. Both male and female administrative workers love working with one another and refer to each other as brothers and sisters. Other malign factors we have studied in class can be relatable to war, because in Rwanda the Tutsi genocide caused instability in their nation. Wars can cause instability and inequality within nations, some wars can increase or decrease income, depending the outcome. In Rwanda’s case, the aftermath lead to changes in legislations and institutions. The political agenda shifted and helped women in their nation. The video claims that some believe was to prevent the male ego, that led to the 1994 genocide. Another factor we have been reading about is good and bad institutions that drive inequality. In this case, good and optimistic laws helped women, and helped reduce the inequality between gender. Institutions helped eliminate the gender gap.

   5.I believe the progressive laws Rwanda has established set a good example for other nations around the world. Even though it has been a constant fight for women to gain equality worldwide, since the beginning of time, from Mesopotamia, to Hellenistic culture, to Roman culture, dragging all the way from old and modern eras in the United States, it has been a constant struggle for women. In the US we study about the first women’s suffrage movement and the second wave of women, who fought through the Feminist movement, and I Just want to share that my heart and strength goes out to all the women out there who constantly have to deal with misogynistic values, and a society that has a strong patriarchal perspective on life. We have to do better in this lifetime.

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6. 1. From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share?
   Have the countries in Latin America caught with technology? If they do not catch up, will it ruin their chances of economic stability? Also, how much culture influenced the structure of these countries? Would they need to shift from their cultural values to create economic prosperity? Would the next wave of globalization be kinder to the Latin Regions?

   Something about Carmen’s story makes me wonder, is she privileged or disadvantaged? I have concluded she is both. Although she has a lot of money, the labor she does is” demeaning” to her level of education and social class in the Philippines, but she does it for the pay. We always find differences between the rich and poor, and one similarity is our families. While the rich work tireless hours managing their stocks and companies, many poor parents take care of their kids, clean their houses, or work for minimum wage at their companies. The rich hardly raise their kids, and neither does the poor.

   2. From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways?

   One of the main takeaways was “as long as the forces that benefit from social misallocation the veto inequality will remain pervasive” (384). Latin America has a lot of problems, income inequality, gender inequality, race inequality, class inequality, and even educational inequality, but the people in power, the people who have a chance to make a change, do not. The question, why change a world that already suits you? Flashes over and over in my head. The only people to be “thriving” are affluent, but not the workers. The worker that doesn’t have some of their basic needs met.
   Although there have been changes to the traditional gender roles, many of the countries on the South American continent have been on economic discourse. The people in Latin America are getting poorer. And they are being treated and represented unfairly. Their voices are lost in a sea filled with money.
   3. From Parreñas (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways?
   One takeaway from the text is when migrant women transfer their reproductive labor to less privileged women. The traditional division of labor is a patriarchal nuclear household that has not been renegotiated. Migrant women are giving their responsibilities to other women or taking the responsibilities of other women. No matter which culture, the migrants seem to enter North American, Asian, or European, the female, and male gender roles are still the same. Women who do not want to do reproductive labor hire help. The role of women, no matter which culture, is constricting, and privileged women are finding ways to escape.

   4. Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?
   The Rwandan genocide allowed for the people of Rwanda to include women in the conversation. As we studied in class, a malign force such as a genocide reduces inequality. Other malign factors such as war can reduce inequality because of not only the destruction of capital but also the redistribution of wealth. But in Rwanda’s case, the male population decreased while the female population increased. With the re-development of the country, women were included because they were the majority. The fewer men they were gave women spaces for having their voices heard. Also, having a president who promotes equality of the sexes and encourages women to break gender barriers, allowing them to challenge and questioning the system more.

   5. Any general thoughts, comments, or questions you would like to share?
   I have one question: If something is normalized, what is the reason for the change? These countries need help, yet I feel that no one is helping them. I feel as if their struggles are normalized. What can we do as global citizens to help our neighboring countries? Or is this something for them to fix on their own?

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7. Q.1- From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share?

   A.1- Based on watching over the power point presentation, I was able to understand the basis of what was explained on each slide. The fact that Latin America is one of the many countries that contains a lot of inequality was explained clearly to me mainly because of the use of the graphs. That made it a bit easier to understand the factors that go into Latin America and its inequality. I also found it interesting that there are many things that play a role in Latin America’s economy such as its resources, complex division of social classes and its geography. Overall, I understood what the power point was aiming to explain based on this week’s readings.

   Q.2- From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways?

   A.2- The main takeaways from Hoffman and Centeno’s reading was how inequality focused on certain social groups revolving around race, class and gender. For example, one unequal instance that has contributed in the gap in inequality is the fact that women were never viewed as equal to men in society. This played a part in various economical levels in Latin America throughout the years. In terms of race, there also tends to be a struggle between people of color, obviously having to do with a person being white having a higher status than someone being black. Overtime, most of these factors contributed in the increase between the income gap as those who were rich became wealthier, while those in poverty also gained an increase but are pretty much still at the same status.

   Q.3.- From Parreñas (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways?

   A.3- From looking at Parrenas reading and the videos of the film, the main takeaways from both is how in the economy, labor work for women is differentiated among the classes between them. For example, lower classed Filipina women are often being placed as domestic workers in low wage jobs. They are also hired by higher classed Filipina women to do their labor. This mainly comes from the ones that are domestic workers in places such as the U.S which have allowed them to go back home and hire their own workers.

   Q.4- Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?

   Q.5- Any general thoughts, comments or questions you would like to share?

   A.5- Overall, I found the economy within Latin America to be quite interesting regarding their inequality. Most of the reasons why their inequality was so high was pretty much self-explanatory given the history between each country. This also relates to their size, form of government and how wealthy they are. I liked how the real-world example of Filipina women was used to give us as the reader a better explanation of how inequality has taken many forms within certain demographics. In the end, I found the readings and the videos to be quite helpful in my learning and understanding of this week’s topic.

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8. 1. From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share?
   Everything was clear from the power point.

   2. From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways?
   The main Takeaways from the Hoffman and Centeno reading is about how extremely high inequality is in Latin America. While reading this I found out that Latin American is the most unequal region in the world. I also found that the distributive system is also worse on not only the poor, the darker someone is or whether they are male or female the social pie from the get go isn’t even that big to begin with. Latin America inequality gap between the wealthy and less wealthy is so wide that due to these inequalities violence was the leading cause of death in Latin American countries. Inequality within these countries does not only bring violence but also unequal health care and the infant mortality rate is more than double in some neighborhoods in comparison to wealthier neighborhoods.

   3. From Parreñas (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways?
   The main takeaways from the reading and the videos is how feminism and globalization intertwine what I got from the reading is that women who leave the Philippines often seek out domestic’s jobs not because they are uneducated which some may believe or are single parents or not married but because they get paid way more working domestic jobs in preindustrial nations vs working as a professional in the Philippines.

   4. Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?
   I feel like the Rwanda video relate to inequality reductions due to the fact that women were place in parliament to help make things more equal between men and women for example as stated in the video they came up with a law that property must be shared equally after a divorce which shows that women and men can be equal, and having women in parliament can also prevent the male ego from rising.

   5. Any general thoughts, comments or questions you would like to share?
   My general thoughts on this week’s reading was that everything was very informative. But one things that stood out to me was while reading Hoffman and Centeno when stated that “not only do the poor, the darker, and the female receive smaller slices”. What exactly is meant by “darker”?

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9. 1.From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share?
   The PowerPoint was very clear and understanding. What I found stood out to me the most was the importance of being a woman born in this world. I always believed gender played a huge role in our society but I never considered how gender and equality relate. If you are a woman from a low class status, you are more likely to have poorer quality of education in turn affecting your chances of landing a job that pays a higher salary. When we looked at the Philippines we saw how much more difficult it is for women in the middle/lower class to earn higher wages due to the dynamic of domestic work being the main source of hire under their circumstances.

   2.From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways?
   From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading the main takeaway was that ethnicity/race/origin play a huge factor in determining individuals financial status in the long run. Because systematic oppression exists it prevents darker individuals from having the same privileges as lighter skinned individuals. An example given was for individuals in Brazil, although Brazil is a mixed culture (meaning light skinned and dark skinned folks) the darker toned Brazilians were oppressed and seen as behneith the lighter skin Brazilians. This caused the income distribution and employment for these individuals left them hardly any room for financial improvement. As well as race/ethnicity/origin, gender also plays a huge role in determining income and financial status of a person, we learned that women in Latin America were largely disenfranchised and not seen as equals. Before the 1930s in South America, Latinas were seen as second hand to men and this led to latinas being hindered from gaining economically, entering the workforce, and gaining more independence.

   3. From Parreñas (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways?
   From Parrenas (2000) reading and the videos of the film the main takeaways were the lifestyle of Filipina women. We learned that labor for fillipina women was once their main source of gaining income. Due to factors of globalization these women now are able to work in factories instead of jobs at home. This isn’t exactly an advancement for filllipina women because although factory work is non domestic it is still a very intense job that requires a lot of time and energy for low pay. Due to gender roles women have a much more challenging time moving out of specific work fields, the women of the philippines are accustomed to having domestic jobs in the realm of the caretaking elders, child care, cleaning, etc. Now, when migrant women are hired for reproductive labor they are not only paid low salaries but in the philippines there is a hierarchy system that is based on class and race; If a women is born a certain color and class there is little to no chance of her having the opportunity to grow, aside from that these workers barely make enough to feed their families and maintain a healthy home environment.

   4. Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?
   In the video on Gender Inequality in Rwanda they spoke about the parliament of Rwanda consisting of mainly women by having the most female lawmakers. This was all due to the help of their government; Rwanda realized that by educating their women they will create a more intelligent and able bodied group of individuals ready to improve the conditions of their country, Rwanda. What many western societies fail to realize is that if you don’t focus on women’s education then you are hindering half of your population from being able to improve an economy and well being of a nation. The women of Rwanda are empowered and given equal opportunity to gain and retain knowledge, a chance that most men only get in most countries. Malign factors we have studied in class that I could relate to this is war, the Tutsi genocide that happened in Rwanada left the officials of Rwanda no choice but to elevate womens roles in the Rwanda work force.

   5. Any general thoughts, comments or questions you would like to share?
   Thoughts and comments that I have for this week’s readings and videos have to do with gender equality. I never knew that there was a nation like Rwanda that had their women so elevated and prioritized, without the help of women their country would have been able to recover and it shows how important of a role we play in society. This could be an example western society could use when trying to better their women population. It was also very shocking how Filipina women have to live with being paid low wages for hard labor and it breaks my heart knowing that they have more potential to improve the phllipino economy.

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10. 1. The presentation was very clear. It was really interesting to see all that data, being Latino myself so I found myself looking for my country in a lot of those graphs. One thought that I had in the back of my mind with a lot of this data, but especially the graph on domestic chores and unpaid care work, is that one of the reasons that there is so much inequality between men and women is that this idea that women are supposed to be at home, doing chores and taking care of children still persists, at least it is that way in my country. It was also really interesting to learn that a big class in Latin America is that of the informal sector because then this means that of course most people don’t have the benefits one would have from a formal job, such as health insurance, sick days, vacation days, retirement accounts, etc.
    2. The paper talks about the stratification in Latin America and how this region has great levels of inequality when it comes to distribution of resources. The paper explains that the levels of poverty and inequality may actually be even higher, since the data does not account for the number of household members in the workforce and that the picture may be even for worse if we talk about wealth for which there is very little data. The paper also gives many reasons for these high levels of inequality, such as the agricultural elite having high levels of political and social power, as well as land. The distribution of education is also very skewed with large percentages of people having no formal education and the working class being of poorer quality, while the upper class have increasing educational opportunities. The paper also talks about gender inequality, explaining that the labor market is highly segregated by gender and the jobs that women can get have poor working conditions and low job security. There is also an intersection of gender and class, with middle class educated women more likely to enter higher paying jobs, while poor and less educated women find low income jobs in domestic services and manufacturing.
    3. This paper focuses on female migration, particularly migrant Filipina women. The paper talks about the transfer of reproductive labor in a globalized world. Privileged women in industrialized countries relegate their reproductive labor to poorer migrant women, such as Filipina domestic workers, who in turn relegate their own reproductive labor to poorer women back in the Philippines Migrant Filipina domestic workers act as the primary income earner to their families back in the Philippines who they continue to support and this create an international division of reproductive labor.
    4. The Rwanda video shows how malign factors, in this case a genocide, can lead to a decrease in inequality. The genocide, similarly to what we discussed with the world wars, led to a decrease in the overall population but particularly in the population of men. This resulted in women becoming the majority of the population and now had to be involved in the national development of the country due to the lack of men. Many women also became heads of their families and gained positions in the government, which gave way passing laws and policies that made thing more equal for women such as access to opportunities, educations, services, etc. These policies are examples of benign factors, because as we learned greater access to education and opportunities results in reduction if inequality.
    5. It was sad to see how much gender inequality there is in Latin America. While looking at all the data, I couldn’t help but think of all the gender bias and stereotypes about women that are most likely a big factor in this inequality. Talking to my friends who are from different countries in Latin America, it’s clear that one thing we have in common is huge levels of machismo that I’m sure plays a role in inequality between women and men in Latin America.

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11. 1. From the powerpoint, I felt that just about everything was clear and I was able to understand the content.
    2. From this reading, one of the main takeaways pertains to the unfair distribution of economic resources and income in Latin America. The reading points to making the claim that the levels of inequality because there are high levels of poverty and poverty levels would decrease if distribution in income changed. Another takeaway would include how colorism plays a part in how income is distributed in their society. Adding onto that, in terms of gender, their society and it’s opportunities are divided by gender just like other societies but women have harder chances of getting work and earning money because of conservative views on women and their perceived roles in the home. However, the reading mentions that education plays a role in the type of work they are able to get too, for example poor with little or none they can get work in domestic service or manufacturing and middle class with education are able to find work in white-collar fields. Also with globalization it has helped with job opportunities but it hasn’t done anything to help the social conditions.
    3. In this, one of the main takeaways was how it was mentioned that women from out of the country were highly favored when being considered to be nannies or to do house work like cleaning. Also in the reading, it mentions a hierarchical structure of workers and wages in caretaking roles and how the labor is divided differently from one place to another, for example how they are more favored in another country than in their home country for the same type of work.
    4. This relates to other factors because one of the malign factors that can contribute to inequality was changes in policy. As mentioned in the video, the parliament helps women and provides them with opportunities equal to those as men along with encouraging them to be in positions of leadership. Also with this, it created a sense of equality between women and men whereas both are treated equally and not one person has more rights or access to something than the other. The video mentions the scenario about divorce and how if two people were to get divorce, assets and things would be divided equally and not one person leaves with more than the other. On the other hand, it also gives women the chance to be independent and show that they are just as capable of doing things as men are.
    5. I don’t have any other thoughts or comments to share. Other than, I found the video on Rwanda Gender Equality very interesting and the concept of the parliament is something that can be useful in other parts of the world. Also on the Parrenas video and reading, I wanted to make a comment that often a lot of nannies or housekeepers are often people from out of the country and while they often take care of somebody else’s children and homes, they often neglect their own but its powerful to see because even though they are not there physically they are making sure that with their opportunities, they support themselves and their families.

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12. 1.The presentation was well executed and gave me a better understanding on the readings although they were fairly simple to follow. What I liked the most about the presentation was the graphs because I believe they’re often overlooked while reading. I personally found the figure 11 graph to be interesting which showed the participation rate of women and men in the work field and of course for men the rates were higher, but it also showed the gap percentage. For most countries it was roughly between 20%-30%.

    2.From the Hoffman and Centeno reading my main take away was that Latin America is indeed the most unequal. We all know race plays a huge part in poverty and inequality however it was very interesting to see how unequal Brazil in particular is due to race. The definition of race was different than of the United States they used the word “cor” or shade as the key category to identify themselves. Using those particular words was basically an escape hatch allowing which mobility. White people just simply do better than black people in Brazil when it comes to everything such as jobs, wages, even down to where they live. Even with all that few are willing to recognize it, the distribution of income and employment reflects on the skin color of others.

    3.The main take away from the Parrenas reading and the short film was that Filipino women would migrate to different countries to look for a better life like many do to seek a better life and be able to provide for their families. Yet as a woman when they do, they’re still met with even more of the same obstacles due to their gender. When migrating and looking for a job they get stuck with the low wage domestic occupations. Reason for that is because domestic work is usually in high demand and who better to do it than someone who just migrated from a different country desperate to look for a job because anything is a higher wage than where they came from. Although it would still be hard for them, they still would have money to provide for their families even though it wasn’t a lot. Labor divides certain jobs for women when it comes to their class and race. Which is similar to the video “Chain of Love” Filipino women are the most sought out due to their religion, skills they’re cleanliness and obedience yet only earning twelve dollars a day making 800 per month. The Filipino woman still does it because she is able to provide for their families back home.

    4.The women in Rwanda takes up to 65% of the population due to the massacre which killed a large population of men. Which then gave the government the ability to create an environment for women to gain positions of leadership. Having the highest number of female lawmakers they too worked tirelessly to maintain it but were all held to the same standards as anyone else meaning these women were able to get equal opportunity to succeed in life. It relates other malign factors and inequality reduction that were studied in class because giving everyone an equal opportunity inequality therefore having gender and income inequality decrease. But in order for all of this to happen the Genocide had to happen which killed 70% of the male population in Rwanda in order to put women to the top.

    5.Gender plays a big role when it comes to inequality in society and the video on Rwanda justified it even more. It makes me wonder if the Genocide never happened then to what standard women would have been held. Would men still be more superior?

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13. From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share?
    Overall, the powerpoint was very clear and what stood out to me the most was the way inequality drives many individuals to migrate from their home country.This stood out to me the most because I am someone that comes from a family that migrated from their own home town because of the levels of inequalities that they experienced. For example, my father was only able to make it to the 8th grade while my mother was able to graduate high school, but not attend college. The powerpoint allowed me to view the cause of migration between different groups of individuals beyond their financial situation as well as connect it to my personal life. Although migration can be caused by a bunch of things, as explained in the powerpoint, inequality has a major impact on these migrations from different countries especially that there are so many different types of inequalities.
    From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways?
    The main takeaways from the reading is the lack of resources among countries in Latin America and how it is the most unequal region in the world. They speak about how the combination of poverty and inequality in Latin America make it a form of misery for many because they are hardly getting by and surviving. Also, it is predicted that the living standards are worst than thought and that they surpassed inequality among countries. They also point out that growth in Latin America has been something very hard to see because of the misdistribution of resources and the lack of opportunities. There are high levels of poverty and low income distributions which causes people to live off of hardly anything.
    From Parreñas (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways?
    The main takeaways from the readings and films is that more privileged individuals tend to look for women who come from abroad for domestic work like a caregiver or doing things around the house. In the video, she speaks about how these women that come from good backgrounds, regarding their religion and education, are more likely to be hired for these jobs because they are trustworthy and not suspected of being a thief around their house. These people who are better off financially, hire women to do their work as a housewife because they can afford it and it is a luxury that they can give theirselves.
    Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?
    The video on gender equality in Rwanda relates to other malign factors and inequality reductions that we studied in class because their government is actually taking steps to reduce the inequality among the genders. For example, the video shows the way that many women were put into the parliament and given government jobs to create a more equal country. Also, policies were put into place for women to have an equal share on things with their husbands if divorced. They push the idea that women have what it takes to do what a man could do. They enforce that everyone should be equal by creating laws and policies that allow for equal opportunities.
    Any general thoughts, comments or questions you would like to share?
    I enjoyed watching the Rwanda video because it gave me a view of how things are being handled in a different country. Inequality is something seen all around and there are many different types, however I do believe that gender inequality is a major one for many countries. Watching these women being empowered to do everything that a man could do gives me hope that gender inequality may be abolished in the future and that women and men are going to be equal one day. I also enjoyed this video because in the country that my family is from, there is a lot of gender inequality that keeps women from doing what they truly want and it gives me hope that one day they can react similar to Rwanda’s government.

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14. 1. The Powerpoint was helpful to go over since there was a lot of information in the reading. I found this week’s lecture very interesting since it talked about Latin America. Before going over the PowerPoint I did not know how unequal this region of the world is until I saw the graph of comparing it to the U.S. and the overall gaps in each country. When I first read the article I knew Latin American was highly unequal but hearing the graph explanation really set the inequality in perspective. The color of your skin and gender does play a role in the chances of inequality in all the Latin American countries.
    2. Hoffman and Centeno’s reading’s main takeaway is how unequal Latin American has become over the years. The text references Latin America is the most unequal region in the world. People will have all sources of hardships because there is a big gap between the poor and the rich. The income of people in these countries is meager. Education is not the same for rich people and poor people, leaving people with a lack of opportunity. In Latin America, being a person of color would even worsen your life because they tend to be in poverty. All the countries also have a problem with health care; poor people don’t have health care and have to resort to private health care.
    3. The main takeaway from the reading and video after women entered the workforce is that they are doing all kinds of jobs. Filipino migrant women have become prefer ethnic group for privileged women to trust as their domestic worker. These women, however, are paid at a low wage while having an education. The reading also talks about the racial division of reproductive labor explains how white women of Europe and the US take advantage of the cheap work from migrant women—promoting a large gender gap due to the high volume of cheap labor.
    4. Gender equality in Rwanda is related to malign factors because they have changed their politics are centered on women empowerment. Politicians want women to take on more opportunities in the workforce. The influence of women in power reduces inequality in Rwanda. There is less of a gender gap; this malign force brought down inequality. The genocide helps the country make women equal to men in all aspects, increasing their level of education and income because they can now get jobs at the same level as men. In class, we have studied how Latin America is even more unequal when it comes to women because they have the lowest income while having to be a single mother at the same time raising the inequality of the country.
    5. This lecture I found to be very interesting because I’m from the Caribbean. The text talks about how it is similar to Latin American because of the level of inequality. I agreed with most of the facts the readings spoke about because I lived in a poor country. Health care is not as accessible anywhere, leaving people in worse cases not have the money to pay for their medicine or hospital bill to die. Latin American is a difficult country to climb up the latter because there is less opportunity to get out of poverty. Thinking about it is hard because people might want to get out of their situation, but their country does not allow them to expand their economic changes.

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15. From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share? The Power Point presentation was very clear and helpful in making the topics that are talked about in the readings even more clear. By putting all those graphs I was able to truly understand the statistics of inequality in Latin America, it is very sad to see how much economic power the top 10% and even more so the top 1% has. It was helpful to be able to see the factors that take part in the social structures inclusive of this institutionalized racism that is so wronglfuly normalized as is the sexism that creates this gap between men and women.
    From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways? Hoffman and Centeno’s reading was very informative as several aspects of inequality and poverty were researched mindful of class, race and gender. Many statistics from the research were given which I found to be very helpful in creating insight on the extremities of inequality and poverty. What I was able to take away was that Latin America has a very unequal economic distribution where poverty is so present especially for women and that of color. It was interesting to see how racism exists in a country where the majority of the population shares a culture different from what has been studied in the U.S. and how non-spanish speakers also pay a penalty, to be seen as less. Skin-color is also looked at, infact the idea of whitening indian populations exsist . As for education, it appears to be very important especially for women in creating job opportunities.
    From Parreñas (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways? I found Parrenas reading to be especially interesting having worked in domestic work myself; it was intriguing to be able to further understand the division in hierarchies that the labor force creates amongst women. To see how class-women free themselves from the chore of being a wife and as mentioned in the reading to have the commodity of “hiring a wife” is just on another level of what money can buy. Even more so than just class-women being above the domestic workers are the domestic workers above women in their native country in this case the Philippines. The video too explains the luxury of having a domestic worker as a result of globalization. Furthermore focusing on having a Filipina domestic worker which is clearly explained in the video as a luxury given the stereotypes linked to them and mentioned in the video as a “Mercedes Benz of domestics”.
    Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class? The Rwanda video on gender was very inspiring to me. It was refreshing to be able to read about women’s progress in being a significant part of politics and government roles working side by side with men. What I noticed from this particular video was much relenvace to previous information we had acquired regarding reduction of inequality amongst genders inclusive of the impact wars had on inequality. Both in the video and when we looked into malign factors such as war we saw a decrease in inequality. In this case through heavier involvement and access to education as a key point.
    Any general thoughts, comments or questions you would like to share? This week’s readings were some of my favorites because they were focused on topics of my particular interest. I enjoyed reading about the inequality in Latin America because I regularly hear about racism and inequality going on in many of those countries on the news. I also like the idea of having a clearer understanding of why eventhough it is a good portion of the world we still see little progress amongst them. As well as being able to learn more about where women stand in different parts of inequality or equality. Watching the powerpoint was also very helpful in clarifying the topics of focus in the readings.

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16. From my PowerPoint presentation, what isn’t clear? Any thoughts or comments you would like to share?
    I enjoyed the PowerPoint shared to the class. Because it was informative and straight forward. I have to point out how interesting Latin America’s social makeup and division of social groups are. It is important to see the dynamics of the socioeconomic classes in Latin America, considering that we generally think of socioeconomic classes as poor, middle, and wealthy. It is also interesting that some of the complexities can be traced to the regional make-up of Latin America.

    From the Hoffman and Centeno (2003) reading, what are the main takeaways?

    I believe the main takeaway is the racial impact that race has in inequality, i am big on discrimination and it pains to see and also experience this racial inequality society has built throughout the years. Depending on your race you can’t get a good job, people don’t treat you the same, people treat us as criminals. For example in Brazil they prefer people of lighter skin and their income was always prioritized while black people lacked security and any income privilege they needed or deserved.

    From Parreñas (2000) reading and the videos of the film, what are the main takeaways?

    The main takeaways is that the film was that Filipinos are loved and more trusted with their children. The stereotype is that they are clean, trustworthy, educated and smart. And many women Filipinos charge good money for their services allowing them to live a decent life.

    Based on the video on gender equality in Rwanda, how does this relate to other malign factors and inequality reduction that we’ve studied in class?

    The main takeaways is that the global economy inequality Since 1994 with the genocide against the Tutsi, Rwanda saw an increased and continued convergence in gender equality. In 2020 it ranked 9th amongst countries in the world in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index. This index measures gender equality based on four main areas: 1) Economic participation and opportunity; 2) Educational attainment; 3) Health and survival; 4) Political Empowerment. This was all i got from the video as i watched it, the definition under the video was accurate. I learned that women in that part of Africa are strong and determined to survive and actually prove that they are better than what they are said to be. They want to be better and stronger.

    Any general thoughts, comments or questions you would like to share?

    I enjoyed this video and reading. Thanks to both I have a better understanding of everything. Global inequality is indeed an ongoing issue but being informed about it makes us aware of the real situation. Ignorance has taken a lot on society and people need to open their eyes and stop being racist or biased. I look forward to learning and expanding my knowledge on all of the global issues affecting our world.

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